Greek & Roman Design

 The Greek's and Roman's were similar to the civilization of Mesopotamia, in the sense that they were both incredibly inventive and challenged the architectural and design norms. When looking at the Greek architectural styles we can see several different styles present, especially with the columns. 

As seen in the image to the left, there were several orders that had different characteristics. These columns had several components that made up the construction; the base, shaft, capital, entablature. The development of these orders of columns came with trial and error, as bowing in the center, columns caving inward, and the realization of needing sturdier corners were all discovered. When looking at the Doric Order, are wider overall but, do begin to taper off towards the top. This style was simple, no extravagant carving at the abacus. While all columns were used for structural support, the Greeks began to make these columns a focal point and used to elevate the design of the façade. This is seen with the Corinthian order the most, this order showcases the most elaborate design and a slimmer footprint. The top portion featured several elements such as the boss, volute, rosette, acanthus, and the leaf. These elements gave the luxurious look and feeling to the exterior. 

In the interior of Greek homes, more color and flare began to be added, especially with the flooring and wall materials. While there were discrepancies between the wealthy and the poor, the implementation of mosaics began to be seen within homes.  

These mosaic techniques offered several material choices to be used. Pebbles, glass, and stone were the most common materials. To the right is an example of pebble mosaic showcasing a geometric pattern with a hint of connection to nature with the wave like boarder. Geometric patterns were not the only patterns seen, mythological figures were often taken into consideration within their structures, and this was no exception. Animals and flowers were also depicted, and when used with the mythological figures, it gave the picture of sacrifices and goods given to the figure. The Greek's very much enjoyed using interior elements to depict a story or in some way have a deeper meaning. These scenes were also depicted in paintings throughout buildings. Seen below, the true scale off these stories and depictions can be seen. To the Greek's, the whole interior was was used to connect with people and their gods. 

As the Greek's claim to fame was column orders, the Romans was arches and domes. The development of arches, vaults, and domes was revolutionary during this time period. These structures needed to precisely constructed to keep their shape and prevent collapse. The most basic of these structures was the arch, normally constructed of a single layer of brick or concrete to create a curve. This idea became larger, the Romans decided to add several layers and create a tunnel shape that became known as the barrel vault. Once more this idea was expanded, the groin vault, as seen below, joined several arches and created a connecting canopy between the arches. These three structures were often used on the exterior façade, much as columns were used as structural elements.  

The dome, took the most time to perfect, as it challenged gravity and balance. This element was to be used as a roof and the ceiling of a structure. This was a courageous design as a lot of risk was taken to execute this element. To dive deeper into the construction methods, I watched a video explaining how the dome in the Pantheon was constructed. This video explains how this magnificent dome was created. The walls were constructed first, to create a support and buttress for the concrete dome. With this dome bein made of such a heavy material, lighter amounts of concrete was used as it got closer to the Oculus. To find out the more about the construction of the dome, please see the link below!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZTplONK7f4 

Modern Applications

As seen in the Greek interiors, murals were often used throughout the walls and ceilings to depict an image, message or story. In our world there are many different applications in which to bring interest to a wall or ceiling. Murals are still seen in modern interiors but, rather than depicting a story, the represent a mood or feeling that is desired within the space. As seen in the image to the left, the mural is used to create an aesthetic mood within the space. We often see people's personal likes and style show through. Paint is still a powerful tool to create wall and ceiling design, it offers a creative freedom not always available in other mediums. 

Mosaics have not gone out of style since their emergence, the beauty of the materials as well as the freedom of pattern help to keep this product current. As seen in the image to the right, mosaics can be used to create lettering to display a company name or a greeting message. This is being seen more often as it is both a whimsical design and a durable product. The use of geometric patterns is still very present, and serves to add character and an added element especially when paired with LVT.

Domes have become a classic staple of architecture, leaving people in awe of the structure. In ancient times, domes were created with bricks or concrete as they created a strong sturdy structural element. While we still see concrete and brick being utilized for domed structures, glass and steel have become the popular material choice. The glass used within these structures may seem delicate but, is quite durable as it can be made to withstand the elements and pressure from the shape. The steel framing helps to reinforce the glass and create a bracing for the material. With this combination, the two materials make quite the team, and it adds the element of nature to the building's design.